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Daniel Burros
Black and white photo of Burros sitting; he is in Nazi uniform, and in the wider image he is visibly sitting in front of the "Hate Bus", being briefed on the Hate Bus plan by Rockwell
Burros in 1961
Born(1937-03-05)March 5, 1937
The Bronx, New York, U.S.
DiedOctober 31, 1965(1965-10-31) (aged 28)
Reading, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Cause of deathSuicide by gunshot
Political party
Other political
affiliations		Ku Klux Klan (1965)

Daniel Burros (March 5, 1937 – October 31, 1965) was an American neo-Nazi affiliated with several far-right organizations, including the American Nazi Party and the Ku Klux Klan. Within the movement, Burros was known for both the virulence of his antisemitism and for his eccentric behavior and mannerisms. A printer, he edited several neo-Nazi periodicals and publications. When The New York Times published an article revealing he was Jewish, Burros killed himself.

Born to a Russian Jewish family in the Bronx, Burros was enrolled in Hebrew school in Richmond Hill, where he had his bar mitzvah. He became antisemitic as a teenager. Joining the American Nazi Party in 1960, he became an integral member of the group as a printer and propaganda creator. In late 1961, Burros left the party alongside his close friend John Patler, due to either a dispute over the way they edited the group's magazine, or due to Burros viewing party leader George Lincoln Rockwell as too moderate. Patler and Burros moved to New York and founded a splinter group and a magazine, but within the year, they had a falling out, their group and magazine ceased, and Patler returned to the American Nazi Party. Ideologically influenced by fascist ideologue Francis Parker Yockey's book Imperium, Burros joined James H. Madole's neo-Nazi National Renaissance Party in 1963 and became an Odinist. He later had a falling out with Madole over Burros's dislike of communist China and left the group.

He was recruited into the Ku Klux Klan by Grand Dragon Roy Frankhouser, with Burros eventually becoming the King Kleagle and the Grand Dragon for the New York chapter of the Ku Klux Klan's United Klans of America. On October 31, 1965, Burros's Jewish heritage was exposed to the public by American journalist McCandlish Phillips, who published an article about Burros in The New York Times. The New York Times had been tipped off about his heritage, probably by a local Jewish group. Some hours after the article was published, Burros fatally shot himself in Frankhouser's home.

Early life

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Daniel Burros was born March 5, 1937 to George and Esther Burros (née Sunshine), both children of Russian Jewish immigrants, at Lebanon Hospital in the Bronx, New York.[1] Both his grandfathers spoke Yiddish.[2] George Burros had enlisted in the United States Navy at age 16 and served during World War I, where he received a disabling throat wound. He could work only occasionally as a machinist, his illness leading him to be unable to hold consistent work, so he relied largely on his pension. He did not regularly attend temple and, according to Esther, was not very interested in Judaism.[3] Esther, who had immigrated from Russia aged two, lived with her parents prior to her marriage with George, but worked occasionally as a saleswoman afterwards. They were married by a rabbi in the Bronx on May 31, 1936.[4]

Burros was an only child.[5] Only a short time after his birth, his family moved to Richmond Hill in Queens to be closer to his paternal relatives, including his grandfather, Abraham Burros.[6] Abraham largely managed the family gatherings, including Passover, especially after his wife died when Burros was five. Abraham died when Burros was 11; afterward, Burros and his parents withdrew from the wider family and family gatherings.[7] He was enrolled by his mother in Hebrew school at the Orthodox synagogue Talmud Torah in Richmond Hill, where his bar mitzvah was held. After his bar mitzvah, unlike most of the other boys in his class, he continued to come to synagogue.[8] He was especially religiously devoted even as a child, to a degree that an acquaintance who grew up to be a rabbi recalled it as unusual.[9] Burros later said his family had pressured him into being as devoted as he was.[10] This stopped about 8 months later, when his rabbi accepted a larger congregation elsewhere in New York, after which Burros, hurt, lessened his attendance.[8] He had fine grades,[11] and when he entered high school, his IQ was tested at 134, and at 135 in 1952.[12] Burros was noted by those around him as especially intense at activities he attempted, and he often sought out fights.[13] He aimed to get into the United States Military Academy at West Point, and was fascinated by soldiers, which he often drew.[14] Some of his friends knew he was Jewish, but others assumed he was Christian; in one incident in 8th grade, he bragged about how having blond hair made him look "Aryan".[15]

Burros attended John Adams High School in Queens, where he did well academically; he only failed a single course, Hebrew. This course was not stringent, and he likely failed it intentionally after rejecting Judaism, telling the others in the class he preferred German.[12] He was reported for behavioral problems several times in high school, and garnered a reputation as a hardline right-winger.[16] He became fascinated by and began to collect German war materials and paraphernalia, though in his first two years of high school this was initially not Nazi related. By his third year of schooling, he displayed pictures of Nazi military official Erwin Rommel on his wall. He began to argue argued that Germany was right during World War II and that they had simply been misunderstood. In 1954, he called a Jewish friend of his a "Jew bastard", after which they never spoke again; this was, to his friends' knowledge, the first antisemitic thing he had said.[17] Afterwards, his collection began to become increasingly Nazi focused.[18] He graduated in June 1955. Despite having grades good enough to get him into a college and having done several extra credit summer courses, he did not apply for admission to any, instead enlisting in the army. He later told his friends college was for Jews.[19]

Military career

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While Burros claimed he tried to apply to West Point but was rejected due to poor eyesight, there is no evidence he ever tried to apply.[20] Burros enlisted in the National Guard come August 12, 1954, where he joined the Company I, 165th Infantry Regiment, afterwards showing up to class in uniform on drill days. He was a quality member of the guard, especially fond of the drills, and by May of the next year qualified as a marksman. In August he was discharged from the Guard to join the United States Army for six years.[21] He served at, successively, Fort Dix, Fort Bragg, and Fort Campbell. (add more from this page)[22] He was one of the soldiers who forcibly integrated Little Rock Central High School in September 1957. He wrote in a letter at the time this was "the first time [he] really [felt] like a solider".[23][24]

While initially pleased with the army, after some time it started to disappoint him. He was seen as a misfit, and the kind of respect he desired he did not get.[25] In what was probably an attempt to get out of the military, he ingested twenty aspirin (not a fatal dose) and shallowly cut his wrist.[26][23] With it, he penned a suicide note, in which he said he wished for the revival of Nazism but considered the current situation "hopeless" and that with his death he "[goes] to my Führer Hitler, Der Grosse in the Third Reich that endures forever". The note ended "Heil Hitler".[25][27]

After this attempt he was honorably discharged in March 1958.[24][23] His discharge was ascribed to "reasons of unsuitability, character, and behavior disorder".[27] Afterwards, he initially claimed that the army let him out after three years, and that he had decided to go due to personal factors.[24] He later claimed he left the army in disgust after this forcible integration.[25][23] He later claimed to members of the American Nazi Party that he had underwent psychological treatment while serving for (according to Rockwell) "sadistic tendencies and Nazi leanings", after he strangled an eagle.[28]

Political activity

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Burros was known for his especially violent antisemitism,[29] to a degree author Kevin Coogan called "almost psychotic".[30] Even within the neo-Nazi movement and the KKK, among people who both liked and disliked him, Burros was known for the extremity of his antisemitism. He did not want to just be a member of the movement, his ultimate goal was the total destruction of the Jewish people. His antisemitism, unlike many of his other beliefs and occupations, remained consistent throughout his career.[31] His physical and behavioral mannerisms often seemed eccentric to others.[32]

Burros began expressing an interest in neo-Nazism in December 1958, and began contact with several neo-Nazi groups. He began to sign his letters with a red swastika, in addition to the name of a neo-Nazi party that did not exist, the American National Socialist Party,[33] or signing Judah Verrecke lit. 'Perish Judah')[32] He collected Nazi paraphernalia and often drew particularly antisemitic drawings that featured highly detailed art of Jews dying.[34]

American Nazi Party (1960–1961)

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In June 1960, Burros joined the American Nazi Party and moved to their barracks at the headquarters in Arlington County, Virginia.[33][35] According to the recollection of the party's leader, George Lincoln Rockwell, Burros had made contact with the party in 1960, first contacting member James K. Warner. He was especially interested in the Nazi uniforms, and claimed on the application form that he was ethnically German.[35] He was jailed with several members of the party following a fight a month later during a Rockwell speech. He became an integral member,[33][36] eventually becoming their national secretary.[37][28] He was an editor of the party's newsletter, The Stormtrooper,[32] and was the author of the ANP's Official Stormtrooper's Manual.[38][39] It was the ANP's official manual, distributed to all group recruits, dedicated to Horst Wessel.[40][41] Burros worked as the ANP's printer for their propaganda, including bumper stickers, antisemitic soap wrappers, largely sold through mail-order in the National Socialist Bulletin magazine. One of the items of merchandise printed by Burros was the "Jew Pass" (which was to be given to a Jew who would be last in line for the gas chamber).[38] Rockwell appreciated Burros, impressed by his fervent Nazism and artistic and mechanical skills; he was seen as too fanatical, but unlike many prospective members had valuable skills.[42]

When John Patler joined the party, his printing and fighting skills impressed Burros, and both men became close friends.[43][44] Later both asked Rockwell to take control of the National Socialist Bulletin from Warner, which failed but incensed Warner. As revenge, Warner told Burros a photo of his would be removed from the Bulletin because his uniform was not compliant with their regulations. This resulted in a fit of rage from Burros, who had to be calmed down by Rockwell telling Warner to wait for a replacement photo.[43] Both Patler and Burros went to the Anti-Defamation League headquarters on July 26, 1960, where they asked for copies of the ADL Bulletin and placed a swastika sticker in the elevator. A member of the ADL called the police and a warrant was issued for their arrest for defacing the ADL's private property.[33][45]

After several Nazis complained the ANP members were worse fed than their party dog, Gas Chamber, Burros suggested that they eat him, which some members believed was a genuine threat. A former Nazi claimed that Burros tortured dogs, including Gas Chamber.[32][46] In another telling of this story, academic Jeffrey Kaplan claimed that Burros had strangled or attempted to strangle Gas Chamber, resulting in his expulsion from the group and the barracks.[28][47] Burros at times disgusted other members of the group, particularly due to his torture fantasies.[28] Burros carried a bar of soap labeled "Made from the finest Jewish fat", and often talked about creating torture devices to use on Jews. A specific, favorite fantasy of Burros involved the keys of a piano being modified to deliver electric shocks via wires attached to the Jewish victim of their choice, where one could "play the organ and make the victims scream in various keys".[34][28][46] The extremity of his views sometimes embarrassed his compatriots.[34]

His heritage was unknown in the ANP, but members were suspicious of him.[36] ANP member Matthias Koehl later claimed he had not looked Jewish (he had blond hair and blue eyes)[48] and said Burros probably had some amount of "Aryan blood".[49] It is unknown if Rockwell knew that he was Jewish, and simply did not care, or was unaware.[36] In 1960, ANP's security officer Roger Foss conducted background checks on all ANP members, and Rockwell said that a refusal to comply with the background check meant being kicked out of the party. Burros told Foss he could give neither his background information nor home address, even if it was given confidentially.[50] Upon learning of this, party secretary James K. Warner suggested Burros be removed from the party. Warner and Foss went to Rockwell, who refused to oblige, saying he needed Burros as his printer, and that they had to make an exception for him. This led to protests from Foss and lengthy arguments; Foss called it a security risk, and Burros a "sadist" and a "nut" who was obviously Jewish. Rockwell nevertheless refused to kick out Burros.[39]

After Rockwell was briefly involuntarily committed to a psychiatric hospital, Burros, Foss and Patler all picketed the White House advocating for him to be freed. Patler and Burros were arrested due to the warrant over the ADL headquarters vandalism when they tried to leave, and were imprisoned. Patler's wife raised bail from a Jewish bondsman.[51] Rockwell was released from the psychiatric hospital after 10 days, and then suspended both Patler and Burros until the outcome of their trial. He then reinstated them due to his conviction in their innocence. Come their trial September 20, they were found guilty and sentenced by a jury to an $100 fine or a 10 day jail sentence, both choosing the fine.[52] Following a disorderly conduct conviction over a July 24 rally, Burros and Foss were sentenced to a fine of $20 or a 10 day jail sentence.[53] In May 1961, Burros was one of the ANP members to tour in the party's Hate Bus protesting the Freedom Riders.[33]

American National Party (1961–1962)

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Both Burros and Patler caused unity problems in the ANP in 1961.[54] Ralph Grandinetti, Patler, and Burros constantly accused other members of being spies for the Jews; Foss grew to dislike the three as a result, and Patler and Burros later got Foss demoted over a disciplinary infraction, leading to him leaving headquarters. Burros then became printing director.[55] Following an incident over the Official Stormtrooper's Manual, with Burros and Patler editing it in a manner Rockwell viewed as overly self-promotional, they left the party in November.[33][56] Another telling says Burros quit the party because he did not think Rockwell was politically extreme enough.[32] Following his exit from the group, Burros was replaced as party secretary by Matthias Koehl.[57]

Burros and Patler moved to New York, where they launched a magazine called Kill! (also stylized as KILL!),[58] a magazine "dedicated to the annihilation of the enemies of the white people".[33] The magazine was an outlet for attacking other members of the movement, and was described by Jeffrey Kaplan as "viciously racist and anti-Semitic".[28][56] One edition of Kill! displayed a noose on its back cover and the words "Impeach the Traitor John F. Kennedy for Giving Aid and Comfort to the Enemies of the U.S.A."; the same issue also featured a Burros-written editorial entitled "The Importance of Killing".[58] He attacked Rockwell in the magazine, saying that "without the swastika, Rockwell would be nothing" and calling him a "nigger loving liberal".[59] Alongside Kill! the two founded their own splinter group, the American National Party.[56][60] Their party was functionally a duplicate of the ANP, and never had more than a few members.[44][61] It dissolved less than a year later and the magazine ended after four issues.[61] Patler returned to the ANP; Burros and he had a falling out when Burros decided to watch football instead of picketing Eleanor Roosevelt's funeral with him. Burros stayed in New York.[61]

National Renaissance Party and Ku Klux Klan (1963–1965)

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After leaving the ANP, Burros became highly influenced by American far-right theorist Francis Parker Yockey, who advocated the establishment of a pan-European empire, and was especially fond of his book Imperium. He read the work repeatedly, calling it "the Bible of the American right-wing".[62][32] He joined the neo-Nazi National Renaissance Party in early 1963, from which he hid his ethnic background. While in the party he met Frank Rotella, a future Klansman. The leader of the party, neo-Nazi James H. Madole, was also fond of Yockey; impressed by Burros's ideological fervor, he promoted him to the party's elites.[33][63] He wrote for the group's National Renaissance Bulletin.[64]

In July 1963, Burros and other NRP members were jailed for getting into a fight with African Americans at a diner.[33] They were convicted of trying to incite a riot. Each of them, including Burros, was sentenced to one to two years in prison.[65][66] Madole and Burros soon had a falling out due to Burros's dislike of communist China (to the point of wanting to nuke them), contrary to Madole's growing appreciation of China and leftist figures.[63]

During the investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy, it was found that Lee Harvey Oswald had Burros listed in his address book, in addition to Rockwell.[32][62] This is printed in exhibit Volume XVI of the Warren Commission. They are the only far-right figures in his address book.[62] This is likely due to a communist publication incorrectly linking Burros's American National Party to Rockwell's, misinterpreting the news of its foundation as Rockwell relocating to Queens, leading Oswald to think Burros's group was Rockwell's.[60] Following the assassination, Burros wore a button emblazoned "Lee Harvey Oswald Fan Club".[32]

Burros then joined the Ku Klux Klan, in July 1965, recruited by Roy Frankhouser.[33][38] a former ANP sympathizer and Ku Klux Grand Dragon.[37] He also became an Odinist,[32][38] before saying that Jesus "was cool and everything".[67] Burros was, by 1965, both the King Kleagle and the Grand Dragon of the New York City United Klans of America.[33][37] He lead two Manhatten klaverns.[68]

Suicide

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Burros's Jewish background was revealed in a New York Times article written by reporter McCandlish Phillips, after reporter A. M. Rosenthal received a tip that he was Jewish.[69] The tip off was probably done by a local Jewish group investigating the Ku Klux Klan, a theory also believed by Rockwell.[28][49] Rosenthal enlisted fellow reporter Philips, a fundamentalist Christian, to investigate.[69] After discovering evidence of his bar mitzvah and Jewish schooling, Philips attempted repeatedly to contact Burros. After initial failures, he eventually succeeded October 29, after Philips witnessed Burros outside his apartment and followed him into a barbershop. Burros threatened to kill him if he revealed that he was Jewish, saying it was all he had, before he left. Burros then called the paper throughout the day threatening Phillips, before leaving for Frankhouser's home in Reading, Pennsylvania.[37][33][32] The article, entitled "State Klan Leader Hides Secret of Jewish Origin", was printed October 31, and ran on the front page.[70][69]

Upon reading the article, Burros returned to Frankhouser's house in a fit of rage, destroying his furniture and yelling.[32][71] He attempted to smash Frankhouser's gun cabinet, before finding his revolver lying in the house. He yelled "Long live the white race! I've got nothing to live for!" before shooting himself in the chest. He continued to stand, before he shot himself again in the head.[70][71] He had died from three gunshot wounds, which led to a suspicion from the FBI that Frankhouser had finished him off.[32] He was 28.[71] Thirty years after his death, the bloodstains and bullet holes were still visible in his house, Frankhouser having never removed them.[32]

Legacy

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Rockwell eulogized him in one of the American Nazi Party's magazines.[a] Rockwell praised Burros's dedication, saying that Burros had been "steeped in racist revolutionary causes" and "ended his miserably sad life of lies". He took the opportunity to rail against Jews, whom he referred to as "a unique people with a distinct mass of mental disorders" and ascribed Burros's instability and suicide to "this unfortunate Jewish psychosis" which had "cost him his life".[29][71] Privately, outside of the ANP publications, Rockwell was saddened by Burros's death; he viewed him as a "righteous Jew" and "brilliant young man", and believed that had he lived he could have continued to work for them in some capacity anyway.[49] He did wonder how Burros could have failed to predict that people would find out about his ethnic background.[28] In this eulogy, Rockwell wrote thus:[72]

Burros hated himself and his Jewishness, and went a step further, planning to MURDER them all.
It killed him.

In response to Burros's suicide, Madole wrote an article for the National Renaissance Party bulletin entitled "The Historical and Metaphysical Roots of the Conflict between Jew and Gentile", where he defended Burros as a genuine Nazi despite his ethnicity,[73] and praised him for a willingness to "blast himself into oblivion as final proof of his loyalty."[33] The United Klans of America also refused to disavow him, and held a memorial service;[74] Klansmen burned a cross in his honor in Rising Sun, Maryland, a week after his death.[33] Following his death, Burros was replaced in the UKA by William Hoff.[68]

The Deguello Report on the American Right Wing, a pseudonymously written, conspiratorial, insider neo-Nazi document dated to 1976 distributed among some members of the movement,[75] alleges that Burros's actual last name was "Sonnstein", that Burros and Frankhouser were homosexual, that they were having a gay affair, that Frankhouser may have murdered him, that Warner had known he was a Jew the entire time, and that Warner and Burros "spent their time discussing hideous ways to torture and kill Christians".[76]

Following his death, journalists A. M. Rosenthal and Arthur Gelb wrote a book on his life, entitled One More Victim: The Life and Death of a Jewish Nazi.[72] Academic Jeffrey Kaplan described Burros as perhaps "one of the most tragic yet instructive cautionary tales to arise out of American National Socialism".[29]

Notes

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  1. ^ Kaplan says it was in The Rockwell Report, while Schmaltz says it was in The Stormtrooper.

References

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  1. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 13, 25.
  2. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 13.
  3. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 16, 19–20, 25.
  4. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 13, 24–25.
  5. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 24.
  6. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 25.
  7. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 26.
  8. ^ a b Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 16–17, 20–21.
  9. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 29–30.
  10. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 30.
  11. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 28–29.
  12. ^ a b Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 34.
  13. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 30–31.
  14. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 32–34.
  15. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 33.
  16. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 36–37.
  17. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 23–24, 36, 38.
  18. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 39.
  19. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 34–35, 39.
  20. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 35.
  21. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 39–40.
  22. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 41.
  23. ^ a b c d Newton 2014, p. 60.
  24. ^ a b c Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 40.
  25. ^ a b c Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 42–43.
  26. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 43.
  27. ^ a b Newton 2014, pp. 60–61.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h Kaplan 2000, p. 34.
  29. ^ a b c Kaplan 2000, p. 33.
  30. ^ Coogan 1999, p. 49.
  31. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, pp. 10–11.
  32. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lee 1997, p. 163.
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Newton 2014, p. 61.
  34. ^ a b c Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 11.
  35. ^ a b Kaplan 2000, pp. 33–34.
  36. ^ a b c Schmaltz 1999, p. 82.
  37. ^ a b c d Schmaltz 1999, p. 262.
  38. ^ a b c d Kaplan 2001, p. 48.
  39. ^ a b Schmaltz 1999, p. 80.
  40. ^ Kaplan 2000, pp. 2, 33.
  41. ^ Kaplan 1997, p. 186.
  42. ^ Schmaltz 1999, p. 79.
  43. ^ a b Schmaltz 1999, p. 81.
  44. ^ a b Simonelli 1999, p. 135.
  45. ^ Schmaltz 1999, p. 90.
  46. ^ a b Schmaltz 1999, pp. 81–82.
  47. ^ Kaplan 2022, p. 282.
  48. ^ Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 10.
  49. ^ a b c Schmaltz 1999, p. 264.
  50. ^ Schmaltz 1999, pp. 79–80.
  51. ^ Schmaltz 1999, pp. 91–92.
  52. ^ Schmaltz 1999, p. 93.
  53. ^ Schmaltz 1999, p. 96.
  54. ^ Schmaltz 1999, p. 129.
  55. ^ Schmaltz 1999, pp. 110–111.
  56. ^ a b c Schmaltz 1999, pp. 129, 168.
  57. ^ Kaplan 2000, p. 154.
  58. ^ a b Kellman 1963, p. 141.
  59. ^ Kaplan 2000, pp. 34, 154.
  60. ^ a b Coogan 1999, pp. 616–617.
  61. ^ a b c Schmaltz 1999, p. 168.
  62. ^ a b c Coogan 1999, p. 616.
  63. ^ a b Lee 1997, pp. 91, 163.
  64. ^ Kaplan 2001, p. 49.
  65. ^ "Six get jail terms in Bronx diner case". The New York Times. July 17, 1964. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  66. ^ "Neo-Nazis given stiff prison terms, denounced as 'hatemongers'". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. July 20, 1964. Retrieved September 10, 2023.
  67. ^ Newton 2014, p. 42.
  68. ^ a b Newton 2014, p. 214.
  69. ^ a b c Schmaltz 1999, pp. 261–262.
  70. ^ a b Rosenthal & Gelb 1968, p. 9.
  71. ^ a b c d Schmaltz 1999, p. 263.
  72. ^ a b Kaplan 2000, p. 35.
  73. ^ Coogan 1999, pp. 49–50.
  74. ^ Drabble 2007, p. 69.
  75. ^ Kaplan 2000, p. 375.
  76. ^ Kaplan 2000, p. 402.

Works cited

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Further reading

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