1440
| Years |
|---|
| Millennium |
| 2nd millennium |
| Centuries |
| Decades |
| Years |
| 1440 by topic |
|---|
| Arts and science |
| Leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
| Births – Deaths |
| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
| Establishments – Disestablishments |
| Art and literature |
| 1440 in poetry |
| Gregorian calendar | 1440 MCDXL |
| Ab urbe condita | 2193 |
| Armenian calendar | 889 ԹՎ ՊՁԹ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6190 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1361–1362 |
| Bengali calendar | 846–847 |
| Berber calendar | 2390 |
| English Regnal year | 18 Hen. 6 – 19 Hen. 6 |
| Buddhist calendar | 1984 |
| Burmese calendar | 802 |
| Byzantine calendar | 6948–6949 |
| Chinese calendar | 己未年 (Earth Goat) 4137 or 3930 — to — 庚申年 (Metal Monkey) 4138 or 3931 |
| Coptic calendar | 1156–1157 |
| Discordian calendar | 2606 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1432–1433 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5200–5201 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1496–1497 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1361–1362 |
| - Kali Yuga | 4540–4541 |
| Holocene calendar | 11440 |
| Igbo calendar | 440–441 |
| Iranian calendar | 818–819 |
| Islamic calendar | 843–844 |
| Japanese calendar | Eikyō 12 (永享１２年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1355–1356 |
| Julian calendar | 1440 MCDXL |
| Korean calendar | 3773 |
| Minguo calendar | 472 before ROC 民前472年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | −28 |
| Thai solar calendar | 1982–1983 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴土羊年 (female Earth-Goat) 1566 or 1185 or 413 — to — 阳金猴年 (male Iron-Monkey) 1567 or 1186 or 414 |
1440 (MCDXL) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1440th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 440th year of the 2nd millennium, the 40th year of the 15th century, and the 1st year of the 1440s decade. As of the start of 1440, the Gregorian calendar was 9 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which was the dominant calendar of the time.
Events
[edit]January–March
[edit]- January 6 – Ludovico becomes the new Duke of Savoy upon the abdication of his father Amadeus VIII.[1]
- January 8 – Seventeen new Roman Catholic Cardinals are addd to the College of Cardinals afer having been appointed by Pope Eugene IV on December 18.[2]
- February 21 – The Prussian Confederation is proposed as an opposition to the Teutonic Knights at a meeting in Elbing by nobles from the cities of Culm, Elbing, Thorn, Danzig, Braunsberg, Königsberg, and Kneiphof, all of which will become part of Poland a little more than 500 years later. The delegates agree to hold a larger meeting on March 14 at Marienwerder.[3]
- February 22 – Four months after the death of King Albert of Hungary, his son, Ladislaus the Posthumous, is born at Komárom (now Komárno in Slovakia) to Albert's widow, Elisabeth, regent for the vacant throne. Elizabeth argues to the Hungarian nobles that Ladislaus should be elected as the rightful successor to King Albert, and that she should serve as the boy's regent.[4]
- February 26 – Ibrahim II becomes the Bey of Candar, a monarchy on the Black Sea that now encompasses 10 Turkish provinces, upon the death of his father, Mubariz al-Din Isfendiyar, at the capital, Sinop.[5]
- February The Praguerie, an uprising by the French nobility rises up against King Charles VII, begins in France and lasts until June.
- March 8 – Despite the birth of a posthumous son of the late King Albert V, the Hungarian nobles vote to elect King Vladislaus III of Poland as the new King of Hungary.[6]
- March 14 – The Prussian Confederation is formed by 53 nobles and clergy, representing 19 Prussian cities, who meet at Elblag to form an opposition to the Teutonic Knights.
- March 20 – Sigismund Kęstutaitis, the Grand Duke of Lithuania, is assassinated at his residence at the Trakai Peninsula Castle by supporters of his rival, Svitraglia.[7]
April–June
[edit]- April 9 – Christopher of Bavaria is elected King of Denmark.
- April – Murad II lays siege to Belgrade. The city is heavily damaged, but the defenders' use of artillery prevents the Turks from capturing the city.
- May 4 – Metrophanes II, Bishop of Cyzicus, is appointed by the Byzantine Emperor John VIII Palaiologos as the new Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople, leader of the Eastern Orthodox Church, to succeed the late Joseph II, who had died in 1439.
- May 15 – Elizabeth of Luxembourg, regent for the vacant throne of Hungary, has her infant son, Ladislaus the Posthumous, crowned king at Székesfehérvár with the stolen Crown of Saint Stephen.
- June 29 –
- The League of Italian States (Florence, Venice and the Papal States) defeats the army of the Duchy of Milan at the Battle of Anghiari in Tuscany.[8]
- The Diet of Hungary approves a resolution declaring the coronation of Ladislaus as King of Hungary to be invalid, declaring that "the crowning of kings is always dependent on the will of the kingdom's inhabitants, in whose consent both the effectiveness and the force of the crown reside".[9]
July–September
[edit]- July 17 – Wladyslaw III, King of Poland and Supreme Duke of Lithuania, is crowned as King László I of Hungary at the Basilica of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary in Székesfehérvár.[10]
- August 31 – In France, the Siege of Tartas is commenced in Gascony by troops of the Kingdom of England and the English-controlled Duchy of Gascony in an attempt to oust a French supporter of King Charles VII, Charles II d'Albret, who has taken control of Tartas. The siege lasts for almost two years before being abandoned by the English.[11][12]
- September 12 – Eton College is founded by Henry VI of England.
- September 13 – Breton knight Gilles de Rais is arrested at his castle at Machecoul, after an accusation of murdering children is brought against him by the Bishop of Nantes.[13]
- September – The term of Regent of Sweden Karl Knutsson Bonde ends, as newly elected king of Denmark Christopher of Bavaria is also elected king of Sweden.
October–December
[edit]- October 22 – Gilles de Rais confesses, and is sentenced to death on a conviction of murdering at least 140 children. He is hanged on October 26 and his corpse is then burned at the stake.[14]
- November 3 – Charles, Duke of Orléans, is released from incarceration in England, 25 years after he had been taken as a prisoner of war at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415. His freedom is gained after the negotiations made by two of his former enemies, the Duke of Burgundy and the Queen of Portugal, and payment of a ransom of 80,000 gold coins. The Duke of Orleans, now aged 46, returns to French soil after more than a quarter of a century in England.[15]
- December 1 – Representatives of the Swiss canton of Zurich sign the Peace of Lucerne, bringing a temporary halt to the Old Zurich War.
Date unknown
[edit]- Itzcóatl, Aztec ruler of Tenochtitlan, dies and is succeeded by Moctezuma I (Moctezuma Ilhuicamina).
- Lorenzo Valla's De falso credita et ementita Constantini Donatione declamatio demonstrates that the Donation of Constantine is a forgery.
- Sir Richard Molyneux is appointed constable of Liverpool Castle, in England.
- The Ming dynasty government of China begins a decade-long series of issuing harsh edicts towards those who illegally mine silver, the latter known as 'miner bandits' (kuangzei), a trend begun in 1438. The government wants to cap the amount of silver circulating into the market, as more grain taxes are converted into silver taxes. The government establishes community night watches known as 'watches and tithings' (baojia), who ensure that illegal mining activities are brought to a halt. However, these are desperate measures, as illegal silver mining continues to thrive as a dangerous but lucrative venture.
- Uwaifiokun, Oba of Benin, is killed by his brother, the Prince Ogun, who succeeds him as Ewuare I.
- Zhu Quan writes the Cha Pu ("Tea Manual") in China.
Births
[edit]- January 22: Ivan III of Russia (d. 1505)
- February 13: Hartmann Schedel, German physician (d. 1514)
- date unknown: Clara Tott, German court singer (d. 1520)
Deaths
[edit]- March 9: Frances of Rome, Italian Benedictine nun and saint (b. 1384)
- March 20: Sigismund Kęstutaitis, Grand Duke of Lithuania (b. 1365)
- April 2: Giovanni Vitelleschi, Italian Roman Catholic bishop and soldier
- April 6: Henry Wardlaw, Scottish church leader
- September 20: Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg (b. 1371)
- September 30: Reginald Grey, 3rd Baron Grey de Ruthyn, English soldier and politician
- October 12: Ginevra d'Este (b. 1419)
- October 26: Gilles de Rais, French soldier (b. 1404)
- November 13: Joan Beaufort, Countess of Westmoreland
- date unknown:
- Itzcóatl, Aztec Tlatoani (ruler) of Tenochtitlan[16]
- Uwaifiokun, Oba of Benin
-
Saint Frances of Rome -
-
References
[edit]- ^ "Dinastia Casa Savoia". Archived from the original on April 18, 2007. Retrieved July 12, 2006.
- ^ Miranda, Salvador. "Consistories for the creation of Cardinals 12th Century (1099-1198): Eugenius IV (1431-1447)". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Florida International University. OCLC 53276621.
- ^ Górski, Karol (1949). Związek Pruski i poddanie się Prus Polsce: zbiór tekstów źródłowych (in Polish). Poznań: Instytut Zachodni. p. xxxi.
- ^ Pálosfalvi, Tamás (2002). "V. László". In Kristó, Gyula (ed.). Magyarország vegyes házi királyai [The Kings of Various Dynasties of Hungary] (in Hungarian). Szukits Könyvkiadó. pp. 139–140. ISBN 963-9441-58-9.
- ^ Yücel, M. Yaşar (May 1, 1964). "Candar-oğlu Çelebi İsfendiyar Bey 1392-1439". Ankara University History Research Journal (in Turkish). 2 (2): 157–174. doi:10.1501/Tarar_0000000282.
- ^ Solymosi, László; Körmendi, Adrienne (1981). "A középkori magyar állam virágzása és bukása, 1301–1526 [The Heyday and Fall of the Medieval Hungarian State, 1301–1526]". In Solymosi, László (ed.). Magyarország történeti kronológiája, I: a kezdetektől 1526-ig [Historical Chronology of Hungary, Volume I: From the Beginning to 1526] (in Hungarian). Akadémiai Kiadó. p. 257. ISBN 963-05-2661-1.
- ^ Dundulis, Bronius (2004). "Žygimantas I Kęstutaitis". In Spečiūnas, Vytautas (ed.). Lietuvos valdovai (XIII–XVIII a.): enciklopedinis žinynas (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos institutas. pp. 94–96. ISBN 5-420-01535-8.
- ^ "The Battle of Anghiari". Archived from the original on January 3, 2014. Retrieved February 6, 2014.
- ^ Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895–1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3.
- ^ Ágoston, Gábor (2023). The Last Muslim Conquest. The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe. Princeton: University Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 9780691205397.
- ^ Charles VII at Tartas, June 30, 2009, retrieved February 16, 2018
- ^ Piraud, Claude-Henri (2010). "Les armistices de 1441 en Guyenne". Bulletin de la Société historique et archéologique du Périgord (in French). 137: 34. ISSN 1141-135X.
- ^ Bataille, Georges (1959), Procès de Gilles de Rais. Documents précédés d'une introduction de Georges Bataille (in French), Paris: Club français du livre, p. 158
- ^ Benedetti, Jean (1971). Gilles de Rais. New York: Stein and Day. pp. 182–190. ISBN 978-0-8128-1450-7.
- ^ Goldstone, Nancy (2013). The Maid and the Queen: The Secret History of Joan of Arc. Phoenix Paperbacks, London. pp. 225–226.
- ^ "Itzcóatl, 'Serpiente de obsidiana' (1427–1440)" ["Itzcóatl, 'Obsidian Snake' (1427–1440)"]. Arqueologia Mexicana (in Spanish). July 4, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2019.